By,
Dr. Bhoopesh Kumar Sharma
Forensic Expert & Associate Professor
The questioned documents can consist of identification of fake or genuine cards, contracts, statements, titles and deeds, certificates, stamps, bank checks, handwritten letters, machine-generated documents (such as photocopiers, fax machines and printers), currency and electronic documents.
Dr. Bhoopesh Kumar Sharma
Forensic Expert & Associate Professor
The questioned documents can consist of identification of fake or genuine cards, contracts, statements, titles and deeds, certificates, stamps, bank checks, handwritten letters, machine-generated documents (such as photocopiers, fax machines and printers), currency and electronic documents.
Out of all light sources, UV and IR are the significant sources of radiation that are widely used in the majority of the Questioned Document examination.
Ultraviolet (UV) is a 10 nm to 400 nm wavelength electromagnetic radiation that is shorter than visible light but longer than X-rays. UV radiation is found in sunlight and contributes about 10% of the Sun's overall electromagnetic radiation production. It is also generated by specialized arcs and lights such as mercury-vapor lamps, tanning lamps, and black lights.
Ultraviolet (UV) illumination techniques are used for multiple purposes in forensic investigations, including authenticating paintings, authenticating signatures, examining the documents in question, ink examination, highlighting latent fingerprints in crime scenes and tracing traces on clothes, detecting ink stains and identifying residual body fluid stains.
In QD examination, there're several types of applications of UV rays. Some are listed below:
1. Paper Examination: UV rays can be used to distinguish between various types of paper and paper textures. When subjected to UV, differently manufactured papers give distinguished fluorescence under UV rays. This is mainly because of the sizing (glazing) of the paper, for example, in some cases, it can appear greenish, and in others, it can be reddish. This is used to differentiate two different types of papers, even having the same experience.
2. Counterfeiting/ Counterfeited Currency or Others: Fake currency notes, security papers, passports, certificates, etc. will give different fluorescent due to the difference in sizing and the fibers present in the documents. Also, specific watermarks (Chemical and Mechanical) can be easily differentiated based on their luminescence under UV rays. Many of these government documents are embedded with multicolor security fibers that glow up in UV rays as red, green, and blue color. However, in fake documents, this will not be the case.
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A picture showing the presence of water marks on a bank cheque. |
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Chemical Water-marks as seen under UV light |
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